Electronics and Communication Engineering - Exam Questions Papers

The T.F.

10³ = 100 - 10³ x 100 x β

900 = - 100000 x β

∴ β = - 9 x 10^-3.

For signal x(- t) to be causal, the original signal x(t) has to be anticausal.

Similarly for signal x(- t) to be non causal, the original signal x(t) has to be causal.

Hence response of x(t) depends solely on x(t) only.

The expectations or ensemble average of a random process x(t) are averages "across the process".

The DC value of x(t) is defined by the time average

The other time average of particular interest is the autocorrelation function R_x(t, T) defined in terms of the sample function x(t) observed over the interval - T ≤ t ≤ T.

Following equation, we may formally define the time-averaged autocorrelation function of a sample function x(t) as follows :

This second time-average should also be viewed as a random variable with a mean and variance of its own.

In a manner similar to ergodicity of the mean, we say that the process x(t) is ergodic in the autocorrelation function if the following two limiting conditions are satisfied :

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= 1 can be considered as the dividing line between the conductor and dielectrics for a good conductor >> 1 and for good dielectrics << 1 at any frequency ω.

Since for SR flip-flop all zero state is lock-in state; from which SR can not get out, the maximum length of sequence with 'n' bits will be 2ⁿ - 1.