Current Affairs - International

India and the European Union (EU) have jointly initiated two significant projects focused on addressing the growing issue of marine plastic pollution and promoting sustainable energy through waste-to-hydrogen technologies. These initiatives involve a combined investment of ₹391 crore and aim to foster research and innovation in environmental conservation. Marine plastic litter poses a major threat to marine biodiversity, ecosystems, and human health, making collaborative efforts like this vital. The partnership reflects the EU and India’s shared commitment to environmental sustainability and technological advancement for global ecological challenges.

Denmark became the first country to commission a commercial-scale e-methanol production plant, located in Kasso, on May 13, 2025. Developed by European Energy in collaboration with Japan’s Mitsui, the facility produces 42,000 metric tons (or 53 million litres) of carbon-neutral e-methanol annually. This renewable fuel is generated using captured CO₂ and green electricity, significantly reducing carbon emissions, especially in the maritime sector. With global shipping giant Maersk as a major customer, the project marks a critical step toward meeting the International Maritime Organisation’s carbon neutrality goal by 2050 and advancing the global transition away from fossil fuels in industrial sectors.

The United States is actively exploring advanced military aviation initiatives, including the potential development of a new twin-engined fighter jet designated as the F-55. This aircraft is being considered as both a standalone development and a possible evolution of the existing F-35 program. Additionally, the U.S. is looking into a major upgrade of its existing F-22 Raptor fleet, with the enhanced model referred to as the F-22 Super. These advancements signify the country's continued investment in maintaining technological superiority in air combat capabilities and reflect strategic moves in modernizing its aerial defence infrastructure amid growing global military competition.

India took a significant step toward industrial decarbonization by launching its first cluster of five Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) testbeds focused on the cement sector, one of the most carbon-intensive industries. Initiated by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) on National Technology Day 2025, this project aligns with India’s broader climate goals, including achieving Net Zero emissions by 2070. By integrating academia and industry through a Public-Private Partnership model, the initiative aims to develop scalable, indigenous solutions for capturing and repurposing CO₂. This bold move highlights India’s proactive approach in leveraging technology to meet its climate commitments and foster sustainable growth.

The United States signed a historic $142 billion arms deal with Saudi Arabia during President Donald Trump's official visit to Riyadh in May 2025. This agreement is recognized as the largest defence sales pact ever, encompassing advanced weapons systems, air-to-air missiles, radar technologies, and commercial exports such as gas turbines. The deal aims to significantly bolster Saudi Arabia’s defence capabilities amid rising regional tensions, especially concerning Iran. It also reflects Trump’s strategic efforts to strengthen ties with Gulf allies, stimulate American defence manufacturing, and reinforce U.S. influence in the Middle East. The agreement underscores a broader agenda of regional security and economic cooperation.