Current Affairs - Environment

The lion population has seen a substantial increase over a five-year period, with a reported rise of 32% from 2020 to 2025, reaching a total of 891 individuals. This percentage reflects the effectiveness of conservation efforts and habitat management in the region. It's important to distinguish this from other statistics, such as the 27% increase in adult females and the 16.67% increase in territorial range, which relate to different aspects of lion population dynamics.

The 2025 World Hydrogen Summit was held in the Netherlands, specifically in Rotterdam, a key global hub for energy and shipping. India used this international forum to showcase its National Green Hydrogen Mission, aiming to boost green hydrogen production capacity by 2030. The event focused on advancing clean energy technologies and fostering global cooperation on hydrogen. India’s initiatives, including certification schemes and the development of green hydrogen hubs at major ports, reflect its commitment to sustainable energy. The Netherlands, known for its strong emphasis on renewable energy and innovation, was a fitting host for this summit.

The Yala Glacier, located in Langtang, Nepal, has officially been declared "dead" following decades of rapid retreat caused by global warming. This glacier, a crucial site for glaciological research and training in the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region, has lost 66% of its mass since the 1970s and receded by 784 meters. A memorial ceremony was held on May 12, 2025, with participation from scientists, monks, and locals from Nepal and neighbouring countries. The event highlights the accelerating impacts of climate change on Himalayan glaciers and their vital role in regional water security and ecological balance.

Vembanad Lake, also known as Vembanad Kayal or Kochi Lake, is India’s longest lake and the largest in Kerala, spanning across Alappuzha, Kottayam, and Ernakulam. Designated a Ramsar site in 2002, it plays a vital ecological and cultural role, supporting biodiversity, traditional fishing, and events like the famous Vallam Kali boat race. However, the lake is experiencing alarming degradation due to pollution, encroachment, and invasive species, resulting in a sharp 66% drop in fish catch and weakened flood control. Fed by four rivers and divided by the Thanneermukkom barrage, the lake’s health is crucial to the region’s environmental sustainability.

The Caspian Sea, the world’s largest inland water body and a tectonic lake is facing a drastic decline in water levels due to rising global temperatures. Even with global warming kept below 2°C, it is expected to drop 5–10 meters and could fall by as much as 21 meters by the end of the century. This poses a severe threat to unique species like the endangered Caspian seal and the critically endangered Beluga sturgeon. In addition, ports, hydrocarbon sites, and public health are at risk due to the exposure of contaminated seabeds, mirroring the disastrous consequences observed in the Aral Sea region.