Civil Engineering - Hydraulics - Discussion

C is the answer.

6An increase in velocity causes the flow to transition to turbulent flow and this turbulence causes the formation of eddies of many different length scales. These formations come at the expense of the available energy loss of the flow.

The large-scale eddies contain the majority of the kinetic energy of turbulent motion. Some portion of this energy is dissipated when these large scale eddies are converted into small scale due to the viscous effects.

The Darcy equation gives the head loss in turbulent flow for a circular pipe. The friction factor f depends on the velocity of flow, the pipe diameter, the fluid density and viscosity and the roughness of the pipe.

In fluid flow, friction loss (or skin friction) is the loss of pressure or "head" that occurs in pipe or duct flow due to the effect of the fluid's viscosity near the surface of the pipe or duct.

Frictional losses are caused due to laminar flow and turbulent flow, where laminar is due to viscosity and turbulence is due to roughness so the answer should be both.

According to Darcy's equation friction losses will be more which belongs to turbulence flow. But viscous losses will be more in case of laminar flow. My answer is B.

The friction loss due to : Pipe material, Increase pipe length, Age of Pipe, Increased flow rate, Pipe fittings.

Why none of this as we know viscosity acts as a frictional force towards the direction of flow?

Viscosity comes under major loss.

Viscosity is correct Answer.

Frictional losses manly due to pilp roughness matrial length.

Turbulence causes Eddy losses not friction losses.