Civil Engineering - Hydraulics - Discussion

Due to the roughness of the pipe.

C is the answer.

6An increase in velocity causes the flow to transition to turbulent flow and this turbulence causes the formation of eddies of many different length scales. These formations come at the expense of the available energy loss of the flow.

The large-scale eddies contain the majority of the kinetic energy of turbulent motion. Some portion of this energy is dissipated when these large scale eddies are converted into small scale due to the viscous effects.

Friction loss due to (friction).

I think it's due to surface friction.

Frictional losses are caused due to laminar flow and turbulent flow, where laminar is due to viscosity and turbulence is due to roughness so the answer should be both.

It's Due to contact surface.

Here it is head loss of friction.

The Darcy equation gives the head loss in turbulent flow for a circular pipe. The friction factor f depends on the velocity of flow, the pipe diameter, the fluid density and viscosity and the roughness of the pipe.

Frictional losses manly due to pilp roughness matrial length.

C is the correct answer.