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Logical Reasoning - Logical Deduction

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Exercise : Logical Deduction - Section 1
Directions to Solve

In each question below are given two statements followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take the given two statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read the conclusion and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the two given statements, disregarding commonly known facts.

Give answer:

  • (A) If only conclusion I follows
  • (B) If only conclusion II follows
  • (C) If either I or II follows
  • (D) If neither I nor II follows and
  • (E) If both I and II follow.

1.

Statements: No women teacher can play. Some women teachers are athletes.

Conclusions:

  1. Male athletes can play.
  2. Some athletes can play.
Only conclusion I follows
Only conclusion II follows
Either I or II follows
Neither I nor II follows
Both I and II follow
Answer: Option
Explanation:

Since one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative. So, neither conclusion follows.

Read: Important Rules and Formulas for Logical Deduction.

2.

Statements: All bags are cakes. All lamps are cakes.

Conclusions:

  1. Some lamps are bags.
  2. No lamp is bag.
Only conclusion I follows
Only conclusion II follows
Either I or II follows
Neither I nor II follows
Both I and II follow
Answer: Option
Explanation:
Since the middle term 'cakes' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. However, I and II involve only the extreme terms and form a complementary pair. So, either I or II follows.
3.

Statements: All mangoes are golden in colour. No golden-coloured things are cheap.

Conclusions:

  1. All mangoes are cheap.
  2. Golden-coloured mangoes are not cheap.
Only conclusion I follows
Only conclusion II follows
Either I or II follows
Neither I nor II follows
Both I and II follow
Answer: Option
Explanation:
Clearly, the conclusion must be universal negative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'No mango is cheap'. Since all mangoes are golden in colour, we may substitute 'mangoes' with 'golden-coloured mangoes'. Thus, II follows.
4.

Statements: Some kings are queens. All queens are beautiful.

Conclusions:

  1. All kings are beautiful.
  2. All queens are kings.
Only conclusion I follows
Only conclusion II follows
Either I or II follows
Neither I nor II follows
Both I and II follow
Answer: Option
Explanation:
Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular. So, neither I nor II follows.
5.

Statements: Some doctors are fools. Some fools are rich.

Conclusions:

  1. Some doctors are rich
  2. Some rich are doctors.
Only conclusion I follows
Only conclusion II follows
Either I or II follows
Neither I nor II follows
Both I and II follow
Answer: Option
Explanation:
Since both the premises are particular, no definite conclusion follows.
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