Civil Engineering - Steel Structure Design

Tacking rivets in compression plates not exposed to the weather, have a pitch not exceeding 300 mm or

Effective length of a column effectively held in position and restrained in direction at one end but neither held in position nor restrained in direction at the other end, is

For columns whose slenderness ratio is upto 160, the secant formula for the determination of allowable stress, is

The effective length of a double angle strut with angles placed back to back and connected to both the sides of a gusset plate, by not less than two rivets, is

According to the Unwin's formula, if t is thickness of the plate in mm, the nominal diameter of the rivet, is