Civil Engineering - Steel Structure Design

When a load is transferred through one surface to another surface in contact, the stress is known as

The most commonly used sections in lateral system to carry shear force in built up columns, are

If p and d are pitch and gross diameter of rivets, the efficiency (η) of the riveted joint, is given by

For steel members not exposed to weather, the thickness of steel should not be less than

The minimum pitch of rivet holes of diameter d should not be less than